Bibliography for Childhood and Youth in the West 1750-1950

A. Levene. ‘Family Breakdown and Ther “Welfare Child” in 19th and 20th Century Britain’. The history of the family 11 (2006): n. pag. Print.

---. ‘William Cadogan: An Eighteenth-Century Common-Sense Guide to Childcare’’. History today November (2006): n. pag. Print.

Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood. London: Cape, 1962. Print.

Armytage, W. H. G. Four Hundred Years of English Education. 2nd ed. London: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Print.

Atkins, P.J. ‘White Poison? The Social Consequences of Milk Consumption, 1850–1930’. Social History of Medicine 5.2 (1992): 207–227. Web. <http://shm.oxfordjournals.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/content/5/2/207.full.pdf+html>.

Avery, Gillian et al. Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Print.

Bailey, Victor. Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender, 1914-1948. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987. Print.

Barry Goldson. ‘“Childhood”: An Introduction to Historical and Theoretical Analyses’. ‘Childhood’ in ‘Crisis’? London: Routledge, 2004. 1–27. Print.

Beales, Jr., Ross W. ‘In Search of the Historical Child: Miniature Adulthood and Youth in Colonial New England’. American Quarterly 27.4 (1975): 379–398. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/2712328?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Behlmer, George K. Child Abuse and Moral Reform in England, 1870-1908. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1982. Print.

Bell, R. C. BOARD AND TABLE GAMES FROM MANY CIVILIZATIONS. N.p., 1960. Print.

Bentley, Nick. ‘“New Elizabethans”: The Representation of Youth Subcultures in 1950s British Fiction.’ Literature & History 19.1 (2010): 16–33. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=51531860&site=ehost-live>.

Berlanstein, Lenard R. ‘Vagrants, Beggars, and Thieves: Delinquent Boys in Mid-Nineteenth Century Paris’. Journal of Social History 12.4 (1979): 531–552. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/3787364?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Berry, Helen, and Elizabeth A. Foyster. The Family in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Web. <https://oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=OxfBrookes&isbn=9780511453144&uid=^u>.

Bowen, James. A History of Western Education. London: Methuen, 1972. Print.

---. A History of Western Education. London: Methuen, 1975. Print.

---. A History of Western Education: Vol. 3: The Modern West, Europe and the New World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981. Print.

Brake, Mike. Comparative Youth Culture: The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures in America, Britain and Canada. London: Routledge, 1990. Print.

Bremner, Robert H. and Child and the State Project. Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1971. Print.

Brewer, Susan. Classic Playground Games from Hopscotch to Simon Says. Barnsley: Remember When, 2008. Print.

Briggs, Julia, Butts, Dennis, and Grenby, M. O. Popular Children’s Literature in Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Print.

Brown, Kenneth D. ‘Modelling for War? Toy Soldiers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain.’ Journal of Social History 24.2 n. pag. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9706260038&site=ehost-live>.

---. The British Toy Business: A History since 1700. London: Hambledon Press, 1996. Print.

Burnett, John. Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s. London: Allen Lane, 1982. Print.

---. Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood Education and Family from the 1820’s to the 1920’s. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. Print.

Burton, Anthony. Children’s Pleasures: Books, Toys, and Games from the Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood. London: Victoria & Albert Museum, 1996. Print.

Burton, Anthony. Children’s Pleasures: Books, Toys, and Games from the Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood. London: Victoria & Albert Museum, 1996. Print.

Burton, Anthony. ‘Looking Forward from Ariès? Pictorial and Material Evidence for the History of Childhood and Family Life’. Continuity and Change 4.02 (1989): n. pag. Web. <http://journals.cambridge.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2702624&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0268416000003660>.

C. Delasselle. ‘Abandoned Children in 18th Century Paris’. Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society: Selections from the Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, Vol.4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Print.

C. Nilan. ‘Hapless Innocents and Precocious Perversity in the Courtroom Melodrama: Representations of the Child Criminal in a Paris Legal Journal, 1830-1848’. Journal of family history 22 (1997): n. pag. Print.

C. Vanja. ‘Madhouses, Children’s Ward, and Clinics: The Development of Insane Asylums in Germany’. Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, 1500-1950. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 117–33. Print.

Calvert, Karin. ‘Children in American Family Portraiture, 1670 to 1810’. The William and Mary Quarterly 39.1 (1982): 87–113. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/1923418?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Calvert, Karin Lee Fishbeck. Children in the House: Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992. Print.

Carpenter, Humphrey. Secret Gardens: A Study of the Golden Age of Children’s Literature. London: Allen & Unwin, 1985. Print.

Cathy Urwin and Elaine Sharland. ‘From Bodies to Minds in Childcare Literature: Advice to Parents in Inter-War Britain’. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. 174–99. Print.

---. ‘From Bodies to Minds in Childcare Literature. Advice to Parents in Interwar Britain’. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. 174–99. Print.

Clare Rose. ‘Raggedness and Respectability in Barnardo’s Archive’. Childhood in the past 1 (2008): 136–50. Print.

Cooter, Roger. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. Print.

Crawford, Patricia. Parents of Poor Children in England, 1580-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Cruickshank, Marjorie. Children and Industry: Child Health and Welfare in North-West Textile Towns during the Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981. Print.

---. Children and Industry: Child Health and Welfare in North-West Textile Towns during the Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981. Print.

Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. 2nd ed. Studies in modern history. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2005. Web. <http://linker2.worldcat.org/?jHome=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fbrookes%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D1733978&linktype=best>.

---. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. 2nd ed. Studies in modern history. Harlow: Pearson/Longman, 2005. Web. <http://linker2.worldcat.org/?jHome=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fbrookes%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D1733978&linktype=best>.

---. The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century. Family, sexuality and social relations in past times. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. Print.

---. ‘The Decline of Child Labour: Labour Markets and Family Economies in Europe and North America Since 1830’. The Economic History Review 53.3 (2000): 409–428. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/2598829?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

---. ‘The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England c.1680-1851’. Past and present 126 (1990): n. pag. Web. <http://past.oxfordjournals.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/content/126/1/115.full.pdf+html>.

Cunningham, Hugh and Morpurgo, Michael. The Invention of Childhood. London: BBC Books, 2006. Print.

---. ‘The Invention of Childhood’. 2006 : n. pag. Print.

---. The Invention of Childhood. London: BBC Books, 2006. Print.

---. ‘The Invention of Childhood’. 2006 : n. pag. Print.

Cunningham, Stephen. ‘"The Problem That Doesn’t Exist? Child Labour in Britain, 1918-1970”’. A Thing of the Past?: Child Labour in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999. 139–172. Print.

Daiken, Leslie. Children’s Games throughout the Year. Studies in play and games. New York: Arno Press, 1976. Print.

---. Children’s Toys throughout the Ages. New and revised ed. Spring Books, 1963. Print.

Darton, F. J. Harvey and Alderson, Brian. Children’s Books in England: Five Centuries of Social Life. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Print.

Davies, A. ‘“These Viragoes Are No Less Cruel than the Lads”: Young Women, Gangs and Violence in Late Victorian Manchester and Salford’. British Journal of Criminology 39.1 (1999): 72–89. Web. <http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/content/39/1/72.full.pdf+html>.

Davies, Andrew. ‘Youth Gangs, Masculinity and Violence in Late Victorian Manchester and Salford.’ Journal of Social History 32.2 n. pag. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=1337407&site=ehost-live>.

Davin, Anna. Growing up Poor: Home, School and Street in London, 1870-1914. London: Rivers Oram, 1996. Print.

Davis, Angela. Pre-School Childcare in England, 1939-2010. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015. Print.

Davis, John. Youth and the Condition of Britain: Images of Adolescent Conflict. Conflict and change in Britain series : a new audit. London: Athlone, 1990. Print.

Deborah Dwork. ‘Childhood’. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. London: Routledge, 1993. Print.

Deborah Thom. ‘Wishes, Anxieties, Play and Gestures. Child Guidance in Interwar England’. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. 200–19. Print.

deMause, Lloyd. The History of Childhood. A Condor book. London (43 Great Russell St., WC1B 3PA): Souvenir Press (E & A) Ltd, 1976. Print.

‘Domestic Medicine; or : Buchan, William, 1729-1805 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://archive.org/details/domesticmedicin00buchgoog>.

Dunae, Patrick A. ‘Penny Dreadfuls: Late Nineteenth-Century Boys’ Literature and Crime’. Victorian Studies 22.2 (1979): 133–150. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/3826801?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Penny&searchText=dreadfuls:&searchText=late&searchText=nineteenth-century&searchText=boys%27&searchText=literature&searchText=and&searchText=crime&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DPenny%2Bdreadfuls%253A%2Blate%2Bnineteenth-century%2Bboys%2527%2Bliterature%2Band%2Bcrime%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100401%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Dunlop, O. Jocelyn and Denman, Richard D. English Apprenticeship & Child Labour: A Study. London: Unwin, 1912. Print.

Dwork, Deborah. War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children: A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Movement in England 1898-1918. London: Tavistock, 1987. Print.

Dyhouse, Carol. Girls Growing up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England. Studies in social history. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Print.

Eduard Seidler. ‘An Historical Survey of Children’s Hospitals’. The Hospital in History. Wellcome Institute series in the history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1989. Print.

Erikson, Erik H. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. Print.

Ezell, Margaret J. M. ‘John Locke’s Images of Childhood: Early Eighteenth Century Response to Some Thoughts Concerning Education’. Eighteenth-Century Studies 17.2 (1984): 139–155. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/2738281?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Fielden, John and Ward, J. T. The Curse of the Factory System. 2nd ed. Cass library of industrial classics. London: Cass, 1969. Print.

Fletcher, A. J. ‘“Prescription and Practice: Protestantism and the Upbringing of Children, 1560-1700”’. The Church and Childhood: Papers Read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Studies in church history. Oxford: published for Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell Publishers, 1994. Print.

Fletcher, Anthony. Growing up in England: The Experience of Childhood, 1600-1914. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

Fowler, David. The First Teenagers: The Lifestyle of Young Wage-Earners in Interwar Britain. The Woburn education series. London: Woburn Press, 1995. Print.

Fraser, Antonia. A HISTORY OF TOYS. N.p., 1966. Print.

Gagnier, Regenia. Subjectivities: A History of Self-Representation in Britain, 1832-1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print.

Gillis, John R. Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770 - Present. Expanded student ed. Studies in social discontinuity. New York: Academic Press, 1981. Print.

---. Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770 - Present. Expanded student ed. Studies in social discontinuity. New York: Academic Press, 1981. Print.

Gittins, Diana. The Child in Question. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998. Print.

Gorham, Deborah. ‘The “Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” Re-Examined: Child Prostitution and the Idea of Childhood in Late-Victorian England’. Victorian Studies 21.3 (1978): 353–379. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/3827386?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Graebner, William. ‘The Unstable World of Benjamin Spock: Social Engineering in a Democratic Culture, 1917-1950’. The Journal of American History 67.3 (1980): 612–629. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/1889870?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Graff, Harvey J. Conflicting Paths: Growing up in America. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995. Print.

Grew, R. ‘On Seeking Global History’s Inner Child’. Journal of Social History 38.4 (2005): 849–858. Web. <http://jsh.oxfordjournals.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/content/38/4/849.full.pdf+html>.

Grylls, David. Guardians and Angels: Parents and Children in Nineteenth-Century Literature. London (etc.): Faber, 1978. Print.

Hamlett, Jane. Material Relations: Domestic Interiors and Middle-Class Families in England, 1850-1910. Studies in design. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010. Print.

Hardyment, Christina. Dream Babies: Childcare Advice from John Locke to Gina Ford. Rev. ed. London: Frances Lincoln, 2007. Print.

Hardyment, Christina and Hardyment, Christina. Perfect Parents: Baby-Care Advice Past and Present. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.

Harry Ferguson. ‘Cleveland in History: The Abused Child and Child Protection, 1880-1914’. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. 146–73. Print.

Harry Hendrick. ‘Constructions and Reconstructions of British Childhood: An Interpretative Survey, 1800 to the Present’. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Falmer Press, 1990. Print.

Heather Shore. ‘Home, Play and Street Life: Causes of, and Explanations for, Juvenile Crime in the Early 19th Century’. Childhood in Question: Children, Parents and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. 96–114. Print.

Heather Shore (with Pamela Cox). ‘Introduction: Reinventing the Juvenile Delinquent in Britain and Europe 1650-1950’. Becoming Delinquent: British and European Youth, 1650-1950. Advances in criminology. Aldershot: Ashgate Dartmouth, 2002. 1–22. Print.

Henderson, John and Wall, Richard. Poor Women and Children in the European Past. London: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Hendrick, Harry. ‘Child Labour: Medical Capital and the School Medical Service, c. 1890-1918’. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940. Studies in the social history of medicine. London: Routledge, 1992. 45–71. Print.

Hendrick, Harry. Child Welfare: England 1872-1989. London: Routledge, 1994. Print.

---. Child Welfare: England 1872-1989. London: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Hendrick, Harry. ‘"Children’s Emotional Well-Being and Mental Health in Early Post-Second World War Britain: The Case of Unrestricted Hospital Visiting”’. Cultures of Child Health in Britain and the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century. Wellcome series in the history of medicine. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003. 213–242. Print.

---. Images of Youth: Age, Class, and the Male Youth Problem, 1880-1920. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. Print.

Hendrick, Harry and Economic History Society. Children, Childhood and English Society, 1880-1990. New studies in economic and social history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

---. Children, Childhood and English Society, 1880-1990. New studies in economic and social history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

---. Children, Childhood and English Society, 1880-1990. New studies in economic and social history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

---. Children, Childhood and English Society, 1880-1990. New studies in economic and social history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

Heywood, Colin. A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. Print.

---. A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. Print.

---. Childhood in Nineteenth-Century France: Work, Health and Education among the ‘Classes Populaires’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print.

Heywood, Colin and ProQuest (Firm). A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001. Web. <https://oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brookes/detail.action?docID=1184580>.

---. A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2001. Web. <https://oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brookes/detail.action?docID=1184580>.

Hilton, Mary and Shefrin, Jill. Educating the Child in Enlightenment Britain: Beliefs, Cultures, Practices. Ashgate studies in childhood, 1700 to the present. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Print.

Hopkins, Eric. Childhood Transformed: Working-Class Children in Nineteenth-Century England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Print.

Horn, Adrian Michael. Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945-60. Studies in popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009. Print.

Horn, Pamela. The Victorian and Edwardian Schoolchild. Gloucester: Sutton, 1989. Print.

Horn, Pamela and Economic History Society. Children’s Work and Welfare, 1780-1890. New studies in economic and social history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

Hoyles, Martin. Changing Childhood. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative, 1979. Print.

Humphries, Jane. Childhood and Child Labour and the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge studies in economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Humphries, Jane. ‘“Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution”’. Economic History Review 395–418. Web. <https://doi-org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2012.00651.x>.

Humphries, Steve. Hooligans or Rebels?: Oral History of Working Class Childhood and Youth, 1889-1939. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981. Print.

Hunt, Peter and Butts, Dennis. Children’s Literature: An Illustrated History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.

Hussey, Stephen, Fletcher, Anthony, and Childhood in Question (Conference). Childhood in Question: Children, Parents and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. Print.

Illick, Joseph E. American Childhoods. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Web. <http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0d1m4-aa>.

Inglis, Ruth. The Children’s War: Evacuation 1939-1945. London: Collins, 1989. Print.

‘Internet History Sourcebooks’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1692locke-education.asp>.

J. Walvin. ‘Children’s Pleasures’. Leisure in Britain 1780-1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983. Print.

Jackson, Louise A. Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England. Women’s and gender history. London: Routledge, 2000. Print.

Jackson, Mark. ‘"“Grown-up Children”: Understandings of Health and Mental Deficiency in Edwardian England”’. Cultures of Child Health in Britain and the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century. Wellcome series in the history of medicine. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003. 149–168. Print.

Jackson, Mary V. Engines of Instruction, Mischief and Magic (Sic): Children’s Literature in England from Its Beginnings to 1839. Aldershot: Scolar, 1989. Print.

James, Allison, Jenks, Chris, and Prout, Alan. Theorizing Childhood. Cambridge: Polity, 1998. Print.

---. Theorizing Childhood. Cambridge: Polity, 1998. Print.

James, Allison and Prout, Alan. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Falmer Press, 1990. Print.

---. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. 2nd ed. London: Falmer, 1997. Print.

---. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. London: Falmer Press, 1990. Print.

---. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. 2nd ed. London: Falmer, 1997. Print.

James, Allison, Prout, Alan, and Harry Hendrick. ‘Constructions and Reconstructions of British Childhood: An Interpretative Survey, 1800 to the Present’. 2nd ed. London: Falmer, 1997. Print.

Joanne Bailey. ‘Re-Assessing Parenting in Eighteenth-Century England’. The Family in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

John Demos and Virginia Demos. ‘Adolescence in Historical Perspective’. Journal of Marriage and Family 31.4 (1969): 632–638. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/349302?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

John Stewart. ‘The Campaign for School Meals and Edwardian Scotland’. Child Welfare and Social Action in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: International Perspectives. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001. 174–94. Print.

---. ‘US Influences on the Development of Child Guidance and Psychiatric Social Worker in Scotland in Great Britain during the Interwar Period’. Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 1800-2000: Knowledge, Co-Operation, and Conflict : Conference Proceedings. Bergen: Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies, 2004. Print.

Jones, Donald K. The Making of the Education System, 1851-81. Students library of education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. Print.

Jordanova, Ludmilla. ‘Children in History: Concepts of Nature and Society’. Children, Parents and Politics. Cambridge University Press, 18AD. Print.

J.S.Taylor. ‘Philanthropy and Empire: Jonas Hanway and the Infant Poor of London’. Journal for eighteenth-century studies XII (1979): n. pag. Print.

Kamm, Josephine. Hope Deferred: Girls’ Education in English History. London: Methuen, 1965. Print.

Kennedy, Rosalind. The Children’s War: Britain, 1914-1918. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

Kett, Joseph F. Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present. New York: Basic Books, Inc, 1977. Print.

King, Peter. ‘The Rise of Juvenile Delinquency in England 1780-1840: Changing Patterns of Perception and Prosecution’. Past and present 160 (1998): n. pag. Web. <http://past.oxfordjournals.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/content/160/1/116.full.pdf+html>.

King, Wilma. African American Childhoods: Historical Perspectives from Slavery to Civil Rights / Wilma King. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Web. <http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0625/2005048688-b.html>.

KIRBY, PETER. ‘A Brief Statistical Sketch of the Child Labour Market in Mid-Nineteenth-Century London’. Continuity and Change 20.02 (2005): n. pag. Web. <http://journals.cambridge.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=332542&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0268416005005564>.

Kirby, Peter. Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870. Social history in perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Print.

Kirby, Peter. Child Workers and Industrial Health in Britain, 1780â1850. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2014. Web. <https://oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/boydell/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781782044017>.

Kottek, Samuel. ‘“Citizens! Do You Want Children’s Doctors?” An Early Vindication of “Paediatric” Specialists’. Medical history 35.1 (1991): n. pag. Web. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036272/pdf/medhist00052-0109.pdf>.

Koven, Seth and Michel, Sonya. ‘Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920’. The American Historical Review 95.4 (1990): 1076–1108. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/stable/2163479?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Lane, Joan. Apprenticeship in England, 1600-1914. London: UCL Press, 1996. Print.

Lawrence, Jon and Starkey, Pat. Child Welfare and Social Action in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: International Perspectives. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001. Print.

Lawson, John and Silver, Harold. A Social History of Education in England. London: Methuen, 1973. Print.

Levene, A., Reinarz , J., and Williams, A. ‘Child Patients, Hospitals and the Home in Eighteenth-Century England’. Family & community history 15.1 (2012): n. pag. Web. <http://www.maneyonline.com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1179/1463118012Z.0000000002>.

Levene, Alysa. Childcare, Health and Mortality at the London Foundling Hospital, 1741-1800: ‘Left to the Mercy of the World’. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. Print.

Levene, Alysa. ‘Childhood and Adolescence’. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Medicine. [Oxford handbooks]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Levene, Alysa. ‘“Honesty, Sobriety and Diligence”: Master-Apprentice Relations in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England’. Social History 33.2 (2008): 183–200. Web. <http://www-tandfonline-com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1080/03071020802027587#abstract>.

Lewis, Jane. The Politics of Motherhood: Child and Maternal Welfare in England, 1900-1939. London: Croom Helm, 1980. Print.

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